Ashwamedh Yagya Continues as Brahmincal Hegemony Banks on Genocide Mathematics
INDIA is developing a military appetite to match its growing economic power.It is the appetite of the to be Hindu super Power!

Palash Biswas
Contact: Palash C Biswas, C/O Mrs Arati Roy, Gosto Kanan, Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110, India. Phone: 91-033-25659551
Email: palashbiswaskl@gmail.com
INDIA is developing a military appetite to match its growing economic power.It is the appetite of the to be Hindu super Power! Stiff hike in defence budget matches well with Zionist imperialism and MNC intersets as well as with the Post Modern Galaxy Manusmriti Order!Over the next five years, military analysts expect the country to spend as much as $US40 billion ($A50 billion) on weapons procurement, more than its current entire annual armaments budget, upgrading everything from artillery to tanks.This would transform India into one of the largest defence markets in the world. For American contractors — shut out of India for decades — the explosion in demand comes just as relations between Washington and Delhi acquire new warmth.
This is post modern Ashwamedh Yagya!
just annihilate the class enemies, they learnt long before the naxal slogan coined in 20th century!
The Justice M S Liberhan Commission, which has been probing the demolition of the Babri Masjid for 15 year, is going to let off BJP leader L K Advani lightly.CNN-IBN has had access to some key aspects of the Liberhan report, which will be ready in the next 45 days. From the present form of the report it appears that Advani will not be declared guilty of conspiracy in bringing the mosque down on December 6, 1992.CNN-IBN has learnt that there will be enough reference to Advani, who was the BJP president then, and his role as he spearheaded the rathayatra. But his complicity and involvement will be viewed as indirect.The Commission, which was set up 10 days after the mosque’s demolition, feels that it has enough evidence to suggest Advani had a role in demolishing the mosque but that was largely peripheral.He cannot even be accused of having instigated or incited the mob of karsewaks. So, in essence Advani is going to escape Justice Liberhan's wrath as the judge prepares the final draft of the report in Chandigarh.

Ashwamedh Yagya Continues and those who protest the Zionist BrahminicalSupremacy have to be massacred! Brahminical hegemony is rooted in not only in the discrimanating religious manipulation with Vedas and manusmriti, it is the Mathemetics of Genocide which feeds life to the rotten system! Enslavement would have been never possible, had the outcastes the opportunity of enlightenment! The Brahmins reserved all knowledge for them and banned education in any form for the Shudras and untouchables. Eklavya had to sacrifice his thumb to make Arjun , a Champion of Archery! Shambuk, a shudra was killed by Rama as he encroached in the arena of knowledge. And these Brahmins protest Reservation while they enjoyed the religious reservation for thousands and thousands years!
Ashwamedh Yagya is done to please Shiv Jee. In Ashwamedh Yagya, Raajaa has to send a decorated Yagya horse around to other countries with his trusted people and possibly army. Whoever kings accept the doer of that Yagya as their king, they leave the horse, but whoever do not accept his dependence they capture the horse and fight. Normally this Yagya is done only when the king is sure of his victory over all other kings. In Indian history some Ashwamedh Yagya are famous. Raajaa Sagar did it. Raajaa Raam did it. Indra did it to wash His sin of Brahm Hatyaa of Vritraasur. Raajaa Dashrath did it. A group of Muni did it for Raajaa Il to get him free from Shiv's Shaap [7/89-90].
PM sings nuke tune despite Left's veto.Twenty-four hours after a fragile peace deal with the Left parties Prime Minister Manmohan Singh did not shy away from going public with his passion for the Indo-US nuclear deal.While, Muslim groups today welcomed the presentation of the follow-up action on the Justice Rajinder Sachar Committee report in Parliament, but said the Government should also work to provide reservation for the most backward classes ...Minority Affairs Minister A R Antulay is to submitted the Centre's Action Taken Report on the Sachar Committee report in Parliament on Friday. Tabling the statement in Lok Sabha, Antulay hailed the move saying, "It is a historic occasion and it is a historic statement."Last week, he had told Lok Sabha that the government had accepted all but three of the several recommendations and suggestions of the Sachar panel, all of which would be unveiled in Parliament.
In terms of "potential for growth, India is our top market, " said Richard Kirkland, Lockheed Martin's president for South Asia. But whether US companies can turn that potential into profits will depend on more than warmer diplomatic relations — it will depend on how they finesse the particular challenges of the new market. The stakes were clear this week when the Defence Ministry called for bids to fill an order for 126 fighter jets, a contract that could be worth $US10.2 billion.
Determined to build a domestic defence industry, India is requiring foreign suppliers to manufacture a sizeable portion of any military goods in India. American companies have been busily pairing up with locals. But so far, most partnerships are little more than agreements on future projects.
The Americans' interest in India goes beyond weapons. India also has booming markets in civilian aviation, shipping and infrastructure.
India is virgin territory for US armaments makers. Decades of Cold War-era distrust, followed by sanctions, made it a no-go area of sorts.
Under the Bush Administration, sanctions have been lifted and military ties have deepened. In July, the two governments announced a controversial civilian nuclear energy agreement.
Under the accord, the US will share nuclear technology with India. It requires a radical, India-specific exception to US law, and underscores the Bush Administration's commitment to "help India become a major world power".
Manufacturing Faith
- Ram Puniyani (EKTA, Committee for Communal Amity, Mumbai)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RSS resolution at the end of Banglore convention asked the Muslim community to buy the goodwill of majority community for its own safety and good. Similarly many a spokespersons from this Sangh Parivar have been asserting that since the Hindus are the majority, since Ayodhya is a THE holy place for them, a la Mecca, the Muslims should strike an out of court settlement with VHP and hand over the 'site' to Hindus for building the temple of Lord Ram. Many 'advisers' have gone on to say that it is the Muslim arrogance, which is responsible for the Ayodhya imbroglio and the accompanying violence in the society.
The assertions made on this wavelength are manifold. To begin with it states that Ram is a symbol of Indian Nationalism that Ayodhya is to Hindus what Mecca is to Muslims and finally since Ram was born precisely at the spot where Babri mosque was standing so the site must be handed over to Hindus i.e. to VHP, to Ram Jamn Bhumi Nyas, controlled by RSS. In this scheme of things RSS is synonymous with Hindus. Most of these are constructs which have very little to do with truth.
Ram is a mythological figure, Valimik wrote the epic with Ram as a Hero. Interpretations and worship for Ram is not uniform in different sections of Hindu community. There is no archeological evidence to show that at the time when Ram is supposed have been born there was any human habitation around Ayodhya. Archeology does not substantiate the Ram legend in any way. The popularisation of Ram cult began with Tulsidas who wrote Ramayana in Avadhi dialect of Hindi and people at large could access this book. Before that, story of Ram was available only in Devbhasha Sanskrit so its prevalence was restricted to the upper caste only. As such, Ram is not the only holy figure in Hindu pantheon. Lord Krishna, Brahma Vishnu Mahesh and a large number of Holy figures are prevalent in Hindu mythology and in Hindu psyche. The choice of Ram as THE holy deity may be a bit deliberates one. The other side of this praise for Ram is seen in the interpretation of Ram legend by Phule, Ambedkar and Periyar. Phule saw Ram as the representative of the conquering Aryans, one who was the upholder of gender and caste hierarchy. The story of Shambuk as upholder of upper caste ethos is more than obvious. Just to recall Shambuk was killed by Lord Ram as he was doing penance, an act, which was not permitted to the low caste. Similarly Ram had no hesitation in oppressing Tadaka to insulting Shurpnakha or banishing his pregnant wife Sita on the suspicion of her fidelity.
Ram was never accepted as a symbol of Indian Nationalism in the struggle for Indian independence. This struggle based on the secular values kept the holy deities in their sacred precincts while concentrating on the issues of this world, freedom from the clutches of British colonial powers etc. To say that Ram is THE prophet of Hindu religion as Mohammad is the prophet of Islam is not true. All the Prophetic religions have one prophet, while Hindu pantheon has innumerable Holy figures competing for the Number one slot. So whatever the birth place of Ram it can not be compared with the Holy places like Mecca, Bodh Gaya or Jerusalem as those places are the one's belonging to the 'sole' holy place for the believers of those religions. This can be done only by undermining the status of other holy deities like Lord Krishna, Vishnu or Shiva, which may not be acceptable to many a Hindus who follow them.
Coming to Ayodhya if one spares some thought to the issue, the manipulation of the Hindu Right in raising this as an 'issue of faith' etc. will make it clear that history has not much to do with the issue and what is of paramount importance for the Kar Seva politicians is the political benefits rather than the religious sentiments. Mir Baqui who got the mosque built could not have gone against the sentiments of his chief, Babur. In Babar's reign there was a strong growth of syncretic traditions, while he got the Jain temples of Gwalior demolished on the grounds of nude idols being there. Baburs' will to Humanyun advises him to respect other religions especially, Hinduism, as his subjects are Hindus. Babur himself was no bigot and he gives a good account of his respect for other religions in his Baburnama. During his reign, in the Guru-Khattri shrine in Peshawar Hindus offered their hair as an offering, and in Kachwa Muslim lived among Hindu Yogis and there was a lofty idol house standing next to a Mosque in Gwalior.
http://www.nilacharal.com/news/view/v45.html
Sachar Committee
The Sachar Committee, headed by Justice Rajinder Sachar, had found that Muslims lag behind on all socio-economic indices, such as education, health and employment.
The Cabinet had earlier discussed the Prime Minister's 15-point programme to implement the Sachar Panel recommendations.
The Centre, however, remained silent on the Sachar Committee's recommendation favouring reservation for the most backward in the 150-million strong community.
The Government intends to initiate special coaching and scholarship schemes for minority students. The center also wants to identify Muslim-dominated districts for running special schemes.
As per the recommendations in the report, an Equal Opportunities Commission will be set up along with a nomination procedure for their political involvement at the grassroots.
The Government also intends to set aside a portion of priority sector loans, especially in agriculture and industry, for minorities. Public sector banks will open more branches in Muslim concentrated areas and 15 per cent of the priority sector lendings will go to Muslims in the next three years.
It will try improving basic amenities in 90 identified minority concentrated districts and 338 towns.
The Sachar Committee, constituted by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in March 2005, had made comprehensive recommendations for "setting the community on the road to progress".
It pointed out that the percentage of Muslims in Government employment was a mere 4.9 per cent of the total 88,44,669 employees, indicating that all was not well for the 150 million Muslim population in the country.
FinFacts Ireland India Steams Ahead
Forbes, NY - 57 minutes ago
LONDON - India’s GDP growth quickened last quarter to 9.3%, on the back of double-digit increases in industries like manufacturing and services. ...
Indian economy grows surprise 9.3 percent in Q1 AFP
India's RBI says more infrastructure spend, farm output needed to ... Forbes
India logs 9.3 per cent economic growth in April-June quarter Monsters and Critics.com
CNN-IBN SAP sees high growth in India
Business Standard, India - 2 hours ago
SAP, a global business software company, expects high growth in India in the next 4-5 years with more local companies, including small and medium ...
Germany's SAP says India key to global goal of 100000 clients AFP
SAP: India key to global goal of 1lakh clients Economic Times
SAP reaffirms $1 bn investment for India Moneycontrol.com (press release)
The Legacy of the Arabs and the Hindus
Hitherto, most Sheikhs and Sayeds boast of their light skin complexions and will not marry into a Black Aboriginal family. Even though these descendants of Arabs and Caste Hindus identify themselves as ethnic Bengalis, they have always looked down upon native Bengalis as "Village Kalus"(another term for "nigger") and remain highly bigoted with regard to skin color. In modern times, Arab Sayed landowners have collaborated with the Brahman landowners to slaughter the tribal Santhals and Kols for financial gain via acquisition of tribal land. Most Muslim Aborigines from the village are in destitute poverty and remain illiterate; they typically work as housemaids and servants of the Arab Bangladeshis especially in places like the Chittigong district. They have no concept of their Aboriginal/tribal ancestry and have made no attempt to join hands with their tribal brothers that are raped and tortured every year by Hindu landowners all throughout Bengal, east and west. Most Islamic scholars in Bangladesh have written out the pre-Islamic past brainwashing the Black Bengalis into believing that they are dark skinned Arabs and are racially distinct from the Austroloid tribals. Today, the residual "untouchables" that did not convert to Islam perform the most inhuman and menial forms of labor as sanctioned by the Bangladeshi government. They are forced to work with human carcasses and clean human feces from the street gutters as their ancestors have done for centuries under Hindu oppression.
The introduction of a Caucasoid racial element into Bangladeshi society has had one of the most devastating effects on the development of the country. Most upwardly mobile and successful men tend to marry tall, and lighter skin women with long noses. The influx of India's openly racist film industry has done more to shatter whatever moral ethos the Black Bengali women carried before the Aryans and Arabs came to Bengal, Black is not beautiful in Bangladesh although 90-95% of the population is black Austroloid.
Following Bangladesh's independence in 1971, there has been a strong lack of political unity within Bangladesh because most politicians and government leaders are bigoted Caucasoids that only seek to better the financial standing of the Sayed and Sheikh elite rather than work for the better welfare of the people. Persons such as Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina are extremely corrupt and have done absolutely nothing in terms of social programs for the poor and illiterate Black majority.

Baby Naznin, "The Black Diamond," a famous singer of
Bangladesh. She is one of the few modern Bangladeshi
women to embrace Pan-Africanism in South Asia
The Need of The Hour: Pan-Africanism in Bangladesh and All of the Black World
During the African-American Holocaust of North-America, the Black descendants of slaves were forced to engage the cruel Anglo-Caucasian oppressor without any assistance whatsoever from the world at large, it was largely a local effort and a astonishing one indeed for many victories were won and many intellectuals were produced to assist fellow Blacks worldwide. In the coming decade the Black race as whole faces new and precarious predicaments such as HIV, crime, illiteracy, and infant mortality. These are only but a few to name, but the local populations on average cannot possibly solve them without help from their blood brothers and sisters from across the globe. With the Aborigines of Australia, The Philippines, and Andaman Islands nearing extinction along with massive proliferation of AIDS in Africa, Pan-Africanism is the need of the hour! According to the article "Pan-Negroism and the Tamil-Sinhala Conflict in Sri Lanka" written by Hadwa Dom of the Dalitstan Journal, the collaboration between Blacks has been proven effective in the struggle for humanity and the right to exist. In this effort, Nelson Mandela has provided military manpower in aid of the indigenous Black LTTE rebels in Sri Lanka leading to several important military successes. Only time can tell whether globally, the Black race will survive into the next millennium.6 I am confident that it will.
*Horen Tudu is a Bangladeshi-Santhal born and raised in the United States. He is a staunch Pan-Africanist and research specialist. His work emphasizes on the Dalit and tribal historical/political situation of Bangladesh and India. He may be contacted at horentudu@yahoo.com

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
1) "BANGLADESH TOWARDS 21ST CENTURY", published by the Ministry of Information, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. ASNIC
2) "The Bible of Aryan Invasions 1500 BC - 1000 AD Vol. 2" by Prof. Uthaya Naidu
3) "The Bible of Aryan Invasions 1500 BC - 1000 AD Vol. 3" by Prof. Uthaya Naidu
4) Ibid.
5) "BRAHMIN GOLD The Plunder of Paradise Vol.III Exploitation of Individual Nations" by Shankar Nadar
6) "Pan-Negroism and the Tamil-Sinhala Conflict in Sri Lanka" Dalitstan Journal Volume 1, Issue 3, December 1999 written by Hadwa Dom
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Also see following:
HISTORY NOTES: CASTE AND RACE IN INDIA
LECTURE NOTES: THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN INDIA - A PHOTO ESSAY
HISTORY NOTES: THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN INDIAN ANTIQUITY
NOTES FROM A BROTHER IN INDIA: HISTORY AND HERITAGE
NOTES FROM A BROTHER IN INDIA: THE BIGOTRY OF HINDUS WITH REGARD TO SKIN COLOUR
HISTORY NOTES: DR. CHEIKH ANTA DIOP AND THE CULTURAL ROOTS OF THE DALITS: INDIA'S BLACK UNTOUCHABLES
NOTES FROM A BROTHER IN INDIA: BIGOTRY OF HINDUS WITH REGARD TO SKIN COLOUR & HISTORY AND HERITAGE
HISTORY NOTES: A PLEA FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AT THE WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM
TRAVEL NOTES: LOOKING AT INDIA THROUGH AFRICAN EYES
HISTORY NOTES: PAN-AFRICANISM IN SOUTH ASIA

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chandragupta Maurya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: ??????????? ?????), sometimes known simply as Chandragupta (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320[1] – 298 BCE[2]), was the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in bringing together most of the Indian subcontinent. As a result, Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India and the first genuine emperor of India.[3] In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandracottos or Andracottus.
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated Northwestern India, while the Nanda Empire dominated the Gangetic plain.[4] After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam[5] in the East, to Afghanistan and Balochistan in the West, to Kashmir and Nepal[6] in the North, and to the Deccan Plateau in the South.[2]
His achievements, which ranged from defeating Alexander's Macedonian satrapies and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old, to defeating Seleucus Nicator and establishing centralized rule throughout Southern Asia, remain some of the most celebrated in Indian history. Over two thousand years later, the accomplishments of Chandragupta and his successors, including Ashoka the Great, are objects of great study in the annals of South Asian and world history.
Origins
Maurya Empire
The Maurya Empire at its largest extent under Ashoka.
Imperial Symbol:
The Lion Capital of Ashoka
Founder Chandragupta Maurya
Preceding State(s) Mahajanapadas, mainly Magadha
Languages Sanskrit
Pali
Prakrit
Greek (northwest)
Aramaic (northwest)
Religions Hinduism
Jainism
Buddhism
Capital Pataliputra

Head of State Samraat (Emperor)
First Emperor Chandragupta Maurya
Last Emperor Brhadrata
Government Centralized Absolute Monarchy with Divine Right of Kings as described in the Arthashastra
Divisions 4 provinces:
Tosali
Ujjain
Suvarnagiri
Taxila
Semi-independent tribes
Administration Inner Council of Ministers (Mantriparishad) under a Mahamantri with a larger assembly of ministers (Mantrinomantriparisadamca).
Extensive network of officials from treasurers (Sannidhatas) to collectors (Samahartas) and clerks (Karmikas).
Provincial administration under regional viceroys (Kumara or Aryaputra) with their own Mantriparishads and supervisory officials (Mahamattas).
Provinces divided into districts run by lower officials and similar stratification down to individual villages run by headmen and supervised by Imperial officials (Gopas).
Area 5 million km² [47] (Southern Asia and parts of Central Asia)
Population 50 million [48] (one third of the world population [49])
Currency Silver Ingots (Panas)
Existed 322–185 BCE
Dissolution Military coup by Pusyamitra Sunga
Succeeding state Sunga Empire
Main article: Ancestry of Chandragupta Maurya
The ancestry of Chandragupta is still shrouded in mystery, with little known for certain.[7] There are several views regarding his origin, each with its own set of adherents.
While many Indian historians hold the view that Chandragupta was an illegitimate child of the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha in eastern India, born from a Nanda prince and a maid named "Mura",[8] other later literary traditions imply that Chandragupta may have been raised by peacock-tamers (Sanskrit: Mayura-Poshakha), which earned him the Maurya epithet. Both the Buddhist as well as Jaina traditions testify to the supposed connection between the Moriya (Maurya) and Mora or Mayura (Peacock).[9] Yet there are other literary traditions according to which Chandragupta belonged to Moriyas, a Kshatriya (warrior) clan of a little ancient republic of Pippalivana located between Rummindei in the Nepali Tarai and Kasia in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh.
There are different theories regarding Chandragupta Maurya’s origins. Most regard Chandragupta to have originated from Magadha, possibly as the son of a Nanda prince and a maid named "Mura".[8][10] A kshatriya people known as the "Mauryas" who had received the relics of the Buddha are also mentioned in the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya. Then the Moriyas of Pipphalivana came to know that at Kusinara the Blessed One had passed away. And they sent a message to the Mallas of Kusinara, saying: "The Blessed One was of the warrior caste, and we are too. We are worthy to receive a portion of the relics of the Blessed One. We will erect a stupa over the relics of the Blessed One and hold a festival in their honor."
Others claim that the Mauryas were the Muras or rather Mors, and another view of kshatriya origin of Indo-Scythian lineage has been proposed.[11][12][13] Another school of thought, including scholars such as B. M. Barua,[14] Dr J. W. McCrindle, Dr D. B. Spooner [15], Dr H. C. Seth [16], Dr Hari Ram Gupta [17], Dr Ranajit Pal and Kirpal Singh have connected Chandragupta to Gandhara (or Kamboja) in modern day Pakistan. Based on interpretations of Plutarch and Appian's writings, these scholars assert that Chandragupta Maurya may have belonged to the north-west frontier region, possibly to the Assakenoi or Ashvaka (q.v.) Kshatriya clan of Swat/Kunar valley ( modern Koh-I-Mor or Mer-coh — the Meros of the classical writings)[17][18][19][20]. Ashvakas were a section of the Kambojas, who were exclusively engaged in horse-culture and were noted for lending out their cavalry services [21] [22].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya

Pala Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the Bengal and Bihar regions, from the 8th to the 12th century. The name Pala (Modern Bengali ??? pal) means "protector" and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs.
The founder of the empire was Gopala. He was the first independent Buddhist king of Bengal and came to power in 750 in Gaur by democratic election, which was unique at the time. He reigned from 750-770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal. His successors Dharmapala (r. 770-810) and Devapala (r. 810-850) expanded the empire across the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent. The Pala Empire eventually disintegrated in the 12th century under the attack of the Sena dynasty.
The Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism. They often intermarried with the Gahadvalas of the Kannauj region. They created many temples and works of art and supported the Universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila. Their proselytism was at the origin of the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet.
Matsanya and the ascendancy of the Palas
After Shashanka Bengal was shrouded in obscurity and was shattered by repeated foreign invasions. Songtsan Gampo (622 CE-650 CE) the Tibetan king invaded Bengal and conquered it. Jayavardhana of the Shaila Dynasty from Central India invaded Bengal and killed the king of Pundra (730 CE). Yasovarmana (725-752) of Kanauj killed the king of Magadha and Gauda. Later Lalitaditya (724-760) of Kashmir who defeated Yasovarmana invaded Bengal. Sri Harsha of Kamarupa conquered Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Odra. The social and political structure of Bengal was devastated. According to Lama Taranath: Every single Brahman, every Kshatriya, every Elite became all powerful in their areas and surrounding regions. This condition has been described by Taranath as Matsyanyam (Eating of small fish by the big fish) or the Dark Age of Bengal. Disgusted at the situation the desperate people of Bengal made a bold move which marked a glorious period in the history of the sub-continent. They elected Gopala, a popular military leader, as their king by a Democratic Election which was probably the only democratic election in medieval India.

[edit] Buddhism

Ruins of Nalanda University, which reached its height under the PalasAfter Harsha Vardhana, Buddhism faced the possibility of extinction. Buddhists were persecuted all over India and Buddhism was gradually being absorbed by Hinduism. The Palas emerged as the champion of Buddhism, and they patronized Mahayana Buddhism. The Pala universities of Vikramashila and Nalanda became seats of learning for East Asia. The famous university of Nalanda reached its height during the Pala empire. The Palas were responsible for the spread of Mahayana Buddhism in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and the Indonesian archipelago, and the fame of Bengal spread in the Buddhist world for the cultivation of Buddhist religion, culture and other knowledge in the various centres that grew under the patronage of the Pala rulers. Buddhist scholars from the Pala empire travelled from Bengal to the Far-East and propagated Buddhism. A few outstanding ones among them are Shantarakshit, Padmanava, Dansree, Bimalamitra, Jinamitra, Muktimitra, Sugatasree, Dansheel, Sambhogabajra, Virachan, Manjughosh and many others. But the most prominent was Atish Dipankar Srigyan who reformed Buddhism in Tibet after it had been destroyed by king Langdharma.
Pala foreign relations
Palas came in contact with distant lands through their conquests and trades.The Sailendra Empire of Java, Sumatra and Malaya was a colony of the Palas. Devapala granted five villages at the request of the Sailendra king Balputradeva of Java for the upkeepment of the matha established at Nalanda for the scholars of that country. The Prime minister of the Balputradeva was from Gauda. Dharmapala who extended his empire to the boundary of the Abbasid Empire had diplomatic relations with the caliph Harun Al-Rashid. Coins of Harun-al-Rashid have been found in Mahasthangarh. Palas maintained diplomatic and religious relation with Tibet. During the military expeditions of the Pala kings the Pala generals would establish kingdoms of their own in Punjab and Afghanistan. "When the writer (Mr.French) was in the Punjab hill states recently he came across a curious and unexpected echo of the Pal Dynasty. There is a strong and continuous tradition that the ruling families in certain states are descended from the "Rajas of Gaur in Bengal". These states are Suket, Keonthal, Kashtwar and Mandi. In the ancient Rajput states tradition has immense force and accuracy. Of Kashtwar it is related that Kahan pal — the founder of the state — with a small band of followers arrived in the hills in order to conquer a kingdom for himself. He is said to have come from Gaur, the ancient capital of Bengal and to have been a cadet of the ruling family of the place."---"The Art of Pal Empire". p.19. The demise of the Turkshahi rule in Gandhar and the rise of the Hindushahi dynasty in that region might have connection to the invasion of the Palas in that region.
Legacy
Palas legacy gets remembered not much in Bengal but elsewhere. Tibet's modern culture and religion is heavily influenced by Palas. Palas are credited with spreading Buddhism to Tibet and around the world through missionaries. Atisa, a Palan, is a celebrated figure in the Tibetan Buddhism in tradition and in establishment. Atisa also invented bodhichitta or known as "mind training" that is practiced around the world today. Another important Palan figure in Tibetan Buddhism is Tilopa who founded the Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism and developed the Mahamudra method, a set of spiritual practices that greatly accelerated the process of attaining bodhi (enlightenment). Palas literature is widely studied by Buddhist around the world. Pala architectural style was copied throughout south-eastern Asia and China, Japan, and Tibet. Nalanda Universities and Vikramshila Universities are two of the biggest and greatest Buddhist universities ever recorded in history.

Indian civilization has very deep roots which stretch back to the Neolithic Agrarian cities of the Indus River Valley in approximately 2000 BCE. These cities were laid out in a grid pattern and had excellent gravity-fed sewage systems and home ventilation systems which used the physics of natural airflow patterns. The religion and art of these cities have suggested to some a sense of seeking the unity of all things by mastering the forces of the physical world through meditation and self-control. This civilization was destroyed by a combination of flooding and earthquakes around 1500 BCE. At about the time of the arrival of nomadic peoples from the north. These Indo-European-speaking peoples, often called Indo Aryans, sang songs of conquest, but the cities were largely deserted.

As the nomadic Indo-Europeans spread throughout northern India, they became a settled people, formed into competing states and so suffered the emergence of warfare springing up between long-allied clans. Such major social transformations were expressed, as it is so often among Indo-European peoples (like the Greek Iliad and Odyssey) in epic poetry, in the Indian case, in the epic story, The Mahabharata. But as this epic literature developed, it also came to reflect changes in religious outlook which evolved from the Indo-Aryan lustful materialist religion (rituals and sacrifices of material things now called Brahminism) toward the possible Indus Valley view that such sacrifices must be of the material world, of a rising above human desire. The burning away the fruits of selfish action and desire (karma) to achieve release (moksha) from rebirth into the material world (samsara) and the ultimate union of the soul (atman) with the Divine Consciousnes

Sieze the Time!
Change the trouble time! Stop the clock and Resist! Just for Survival!
Palash Biswas
Contact: Palash C Biswas, C/O Mrs Arati Roy, Gosto Kanan, Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110, India. Phone: 91-033-25659551
Email: palashbiswaskl@gmail.com
`We are in a state of emergency`

Q&A/ Aruna Roy, founder, Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

Prasad Nichenametla / New Delhi August 31, 2007

Aruna Roy, one of the founders of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan and a former member of the National Advisory Council who recently took part in the Jan Adhikar Yatra through Rajasthan, tells Prasad Nichenametla that the government’s approach on SEZ and jatropha farming has been “undemocratic”
http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=2&chklogin=N&autono=296381&tab=r
State govt can buy 30% land for SEZ developers
31 Aug, 2007, 0023 hrs IST, TNN

NEW DELHI: The group of ministers (GoM) set up to frame a relief and rehabilitation policy for those displaced by industrial projects, including special economic zones, on Thursday decided to give state governments the power to acquire 30% of the land required in case the developer has acquired the rest 70%.
In the wake of violence and social unrest over land acquisition for SEZs, the government had decided to impose a total ban on official acquisition of land for such projects, ruling that all land would have to be bought by the developer.
With most developers, backed by state governments, saying this would allow just a handful of people to block any project, it was proposed by the PMO that the policy could provide for the government acquiring up to 10% of the required land for maintaining contiguity and preventing a handful of malcontents from aborting vital projects. Now, the GoM has relaxed the ratio further to 30:70.
“State governments can now acquire 30% of the land on behalf of the project developer if the company has already taken 70% of the land in possession,” commerce minister Kamal Nath told reporters after the meeting. The decision will be applicable to non-SEZ projects too. The GoM, headed by agriculture minister Sharad Pawar, was constituted to frame an R&R policy for the benefit of the people displaced by SEZs projects.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/State_govt_can_buy_30_land_for_SEZ_developers/articleshow/2324599.cms

Sieze the Time!
change the trouble time!
Be awakened to the inherent duty to the community in which you are born!
The Great Aryan invasion continues with zionist dimention and an agenda of Post Modern Galaxy Order! Survival depends on arresting the time with stiff resistance, an anti imperialist anti Brahminical, anti apartheid global Dalit Black Movement. Islamophobia and dalit hatred is the two sides of the same zionist Hindu coin. They converted the indigenous tribes into Hindutva and ensured their enslavement with systematic religious ideology and philosophjy and the submission to Brahminical Hegemony is planted in the Dalit Tribal Muslim gene! We only wait to be accomadated in this bloody system to take the share of a despised price of total enslavement of the outcaste communities. This should not go on. Stop the clock and Resist! Life is snatched. Honour lost. human rights and civil rights denied . dehumanisation continues! Villages evicted. displaced and uprooted are our brothern. Submerged! Sacrificed!Massacred! How long do you wait to be destined otherwise and living Dead!
Mrxists launch Land movement. They passed dalit agenda in Hyderabad congress only to dilue the Dalit Movement. Now they try to mobilise resttled partition victim Dalit Bengali refugees who have been denied of citizenship with citizenship Amendment Act passed with astive leftist cooperation. They have marginaliged dalits, tribals and muslims in West Bengal to continue the scientific Brahminical Hegemony. Now they demend reservation for Bengali dalit refugees rehabiliated out of bengal and also voice to implement sacchar committee recomendations. While the Marxist government in Bengal liquidate the reserved seats for SC St in govt. jobs quoting unavailibilty of worthy candidates and does not do anything in reference to OBC quota. Likewise the party representing and advocting Brahminical hindu rashtra, BJP takes extreme pain to express sympathy with the plights of Dalits! In the backdrop of his predecessor Bangaru Laxman coming out openly on the issue of neglect of Dalit leaders in the party, BJP president Rajnath Singh today held the Congress responsible for the plight of Dalits in the country. Less than six months after his party's crushing defeat in Uttar Pradesh, former BJP chief Bangaru Laxman has accused its leadership of lacking adequate courage to espouse the cause of backward communities.
"It is Congress which is responsible for the darkness faced by Dalits. And who else?" Singh today said in a press statement.
Singh, who addressed the party's Scheduled Castes cell at a meeting, also alleged that the Manmohan Singh government had stalled the SC welfare schemes. Singh in his statement also assured the Dalit leaders of the party to keep "them a step ahead in every institution of the party".
The RJD took the opportunity provided by the police atrocity in Bhagalpur to make a case of absence of law and order in Bihar. In a similar fashion, the Samajwadi Party made a case for the inability of the Uttar Pradesh government to ensure law and order in light of the violence in Agra. These and other instances of violence against Dalits and the minority community featured during discussions in Parliament.
What happens in a Hindu Rashtra, you have not to revoke your memory with episodes like the murder of Shambuk by The Hindutva Icon , the great Rama! It is the Hindu Rashtra Nepal where monarchy is defended by Indian brahmins! Just Read!
Maoists wage war on Terai pact
Kathmandu: Within 24 hours of it being inked, Nepal’s Maoists Friday rejected a pact signed between the government and a key party from the Terai plains, describing it as a “conspiracy” and demanding that it be scrapped.

Maoist supremo Prachanda issued a statement a day after the government signed a 22-point agreement with the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum, the guerrillas’ prime foe in the plains, saying his party was opposed to the pact.
The guerrilla chief alleged that peace and reconstruction minister Ram Chandra Poudel, who belongs to Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala’s Nepali Congress party and is his deputy in the cabinet, signed the agreement without consulting the other partners in the ruling coalition, especially his own party.
“Though there are several groups waging protests in the Terai plains, the government chose to ignore the others and hold talks with the Forum, thereby proving that it was still pursuing its divide and rule policy,” Prachanda said.
“Instead of resolving the Terai turmoil, it will stoke it further.”
Earlier this month, when the Maoists announced they would start a peaceful protest to press for abolition of monarchy before the November election, Prachanda asked the government to hold a roundtable conference where all agitating groups could take part and all grievances could be solved in one go in a transparent manner.
Currently, besides several Terai groups, women’s groups, Dalits, a community regarded as untouchables, freed slaves and others have been holding separate protests demanding their rights.
The rebels’ anger was especially roused by a clause in the 22-point pact in which the Forum alleges that Maoists captured people’s homes, properties and weapons, and should be made to return them.
http://www.teluguportal.net/200708312434/maoists-wage-war-on-terai-pact/
State govt urged to convene SC/ST atrocities panel meet’
Friday August 31 2007 12:41 IST
MYSORE: KPCC SC cell vice-president and former MLA G N Nanjundaswamy criticised Chief Minister H D Kumaraswamy for not convening a meet to review the atrocities on Dalits.He said that the Chief Minister who is chairman of the SC/ST Atrocities Committee, should conduct periodic reviews to take note of the social status of dalits and atrocities reported across the State. The meetings will boost the morale of dalits, he added. Speaking to press persons at Chamarajnagar on Wednesday, he said that the District in-charge Minister, also chairman of district SC/STs Atrocities Committee and the Deputy Commissioners have not convened meetings in the past 19 months.
Meanwhile in New delhi , the Parliamentary farce continues as usal!
In the Rajya Sabha, RJD member Ramdeo Bhandary said it seemed that there was no law and order in Bihar, instead there exists only a “jungle raj”. He suggested that if chief minister Nitish Kumar couldn’t improve the law and order situation, then he should quit. The RJD MP claimed that in Bihar minorities and Dalits were not safe.
Providing a broader canvas, CPM MP Brinda Karat expressed concern over increasing atrocities on Dalits and demanded the Centre should intervene and ensure protection to Dalits. The killings in Gohana and tensions in Agra were also raised in the House.
Nearly fifteen years after it was set up to look into who was behind the Babri Masjid demolition, the Liberhan Commission is still to submit its final report CNN-IBN has details of some of the highlights of the probe. The one-member Commission is likely to indict Vinay Katiyar, Uma Bharti, Murli Manohar Joshi, and top VHP leaders. But more importantly it is expected not to be too critical of LK Advani. Ironically the term of Justice Liberhan Commission was to end on Friday but has been given a two-month extension. The Babri Masjid's demolition on December 6 1992 changed the entire political discourse of the country. Some called it a logical culmination of events preceding the demolition, for others it was a black day for the country when law and order fell prey to Kar Sevaks drawn from saffron organisations across the country. For 15 years just who were the ones responsible for the destruction of the mosque has been a subject of intense public debate. The man who was entrusted with the job of nailing the guilty - Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan has still not submitted his report. On the other hand, An Indian court freed Bollywood star Salman Khan on bail on Friday almost a week after he was arrested and jailed for shooting an endangered gazelle during hunting trips nearly a decade ago.The controversial Rashtriya Janata Dal MP, Mohd Shahabuddin, was given 10 years' rigorous imprisonment by a court in Siwan today in a case of attack on a superintendent of police by him more than a decade ago, Sahara Samay sources said.Pooja Bhatt makes a brave attempt to make a socially relevant film with 'Dhokha', focussing on the alienation of the minority community and the psyche of a suicide bomber. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has promised to look into the demand for a compensation package for the victims of 1992-93 riots in the city on the lines of the relief provided to those affected by the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
Meanwhile,Strong manufacturing and services kept India's economy steaming ahead at a much faster pace than expected in the April-June quarter, but analysts said on Friday the tempo could slow slightly later in the year. Tighter monetary policy, seen eroding domestic consumption, and global market turmoil stemming from U.S. subprime lending were expected to check Asia's third-largest economy in coming quarters, with further rate hikes seen unlikely at this stage. The annual growth rate for India's fiscal first quarter was 9.3 percent, topping both a median forecast of 8.9 percent in a Reuters poll and growth of 9.1 percent the previous quarter.
The stock market extended its strong opening gains after the data, rising as much as 1.5 percent on the day. The rupee was strengthened slightly to around 41.00 per dollar, while the benchmark 10-year bond edged up 1 basis point to 7.92 percent.
CNN-IBN has now accessed some key findings of the report, which give an idea of who all could be held guilty -
Vinay Katiyaar - the Ayodhya-based functionary who led the demolition campaign from the front.
Uma Bharti - the sadhvi, the rabble-rouser, known for making inflammatory speeches.
Ashok Singhal - senior VHP leader whose fanaticism and statements preceding September 6 incited Kar Sevaks.
Vishnu Hari Dalmiya - not as strident as Singhal may be but a man whose voice was being heard.
Kalyan Singh - the then chief minister of UP who sided with the lawbreakers.
Murli Manohar Joshi - senior BJP leader then with a remarkable following.
RSS chief KS Sudershan - he deposed on behalf of the then chief Raju Bhaiyya.
"What’s the point of the Liberhan report? According to me the commission should never have been set up," said Vinay Katiyaar.
But the man, who was perhaps at the centre of the entire movement, L K Advani is likely to escape Liberhan's wrath.
CNN-IBN has learnt that he is unlikely to be clubbed with those who conspired to destroy the mosque.
Though his Rath Yaatra finds an enormous mention but Advani's link to the demolition is being seen as indirect.
SC issues notice to Gujarat in post Godhra riot case
By ANI
The Supreme Court today issued notice to the Gujarat Government on a petition seeking a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) probe into the killings of 21 persons in post-Godhra riots, whose bodies were exhumed in 2005. A Bench headed by Justice B N Aggarwal sought reply from the State Government and the CBI within four weeks.In 2005 at least 21 skeletal remains of those believed to have been killed in the 2002 Gujarat communal riots were exhumed from a mass grave in Panchamahal district of the State. The bodies were dug out by relatives of people, who went missing after the riot.
The Gujarat High Court had ordered the DNA testing of the skeletal remains unearthed be collected and had sent to a laboratory in Hyderabad for DNA testing under the supervision of CBI.
Of the 21 bodies, DNA of eight had matched with their relatives.
Over 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, were killed in Gujarat in retaliation for the burning alive of 59 Hindu pilgrims on February 27,2002 at Godhra town by a suspected Muslim mob.
Letter from India: In flood lands of India, caste prejudices thrive
By Amelia Gentleman
Published: August 29, 2007
NEW DELHI: A bleak postscript to the misery of millions affected by catastrophic flooding this year in Bihar State came last week with the story of an upper-caste police officer accused of drowning two lower-caste girls in the river after they stole firewood from his orchard.
Dry tinder has become a precious commodity in Bihar, vital to survival in the damp post-flood period. According to a villager who complained to the police, when the police officer found Chandani Kumari, 6, and Kamali Kumari, 13, taking wood from his property, he threw them into a fast-moving river. Neither of the girls could swim.
The officer was suspended and a compensation payment of 100,000 rupees, or $2,400, was given to the girls' parents, S.L. Das, the local police superintendent, said, adding that he believed the girls were chased, not thrown, into the river.
For human rights activists in India, this is a horrifying illustration of a widely accepted truth. When communities are in trouble, caste prejudice deepens.
Aid agencies have noted that in Bihar, just as during previous natural disasters in India, even the distribution of aid makes its way more swiftly to the powerful upper-caste sections of society than to the groups known officially as Scheduled and Backward Castes.
http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/29/asia/letter.php?WT.mc_id=rssfrontpage

Gohana Update
The situation in Gohana on Friday was limping back to normalcy after the town witnessed violence over the killing of a Dalit youth. Shopkeepers kept their shops open and conducted business as usual. All educational institutions, banks and other commercial establishments functioned normally. Bus services between Gohana and other parts of the state remained unaffected. However, police patrolling continued as a precautionary measure.
Rakesh alias Lara, belonging to the Balmiki community, was shot dead by three men on August 27, triggering violence in the city and other parts of the state.
The Deputy Commissioner D P S Nagal and the SSP, Navdeep Singh Virk, are camping in the town to keep a strict vigil on the law and order situation. The Gohana police has so far arrested five youths for their alleged involvement in attacking police personnel and officials besides damaging public and private property during the Haryana bandh, Virk said. The arrested youths were identified as Sonu, Navneet Deepak and Akash of Gohana and Jaswinder of Khanda village, police said.
The Union Minister for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Kumari Salja and leaders of the BJP and Akali Dal MPs led by state BJP leader Rattan Lal Kataria who visited the town yesterday, termed the incident as an act of atrocity on the Dalits and supported their demand for a CBI inquiry into the murder and safety of the people living in the Balmiki basti.
Meanwhile, the police staged a flag march in Sonepat town last evening to instill confidence among the residents in general and the Dalits in particular
Govt rules out JPC on N-deal as Oppn stalls Parliament
31 Aug 2007, 1225 hrs IST,PTI

NEW DELHI: Agitated over the formation of a committee between the UPA and its Left allies over Indo-US nuclear deal, Opposition NDA and the Third Front on Friday stalled proceedings in both Houses of Parliament and demanded a Joint Parliamentary Committee, which was rejected by the government.
BJP moved a privilege motion in the Lok Sabha against the government for announcing the formation of the committee outside Parliament when it is in session.
Speaker Somnath Chatterjee admitted the notice for the motion given by Deputy Leader of Opposition V K Malhotra and said he would take a decision on it.
Rejecting the contention of NDA and the Third Front which disrupted the proceedings as soon as the House met, External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee said the committee did not have any official status and was an "internal arrangement" between the UPA and its allies.
Had the government constituted any committee, it would have had representatives of all the parties, the Leader of the House emphasised amid slogan-shouting by opposition members criticising the decision.
Ruling out formation of JPC to study the Indo-US nuclear deal as demanded by the NDA and Third Front, Mukherjee said it was not required as there was no precedence of any international agreement having been subjected to Parliament's "scrutiny".
The members from NDA and Third Front were unrelenting and continued shouting slogans like the government had "deceived the nation". Sensing the mood, the Speaker adjourned the House till noon.
Similar scenes were witnessed in Rajya Sabha also with the NDA and Third Front members demanding formation of JPC. Chairman Hamid Ansari adjourned the House till noon.

PM reviews status of agriculture in Maharashtra
By ANI
Friday August 31, 09:44 PM
Mumbai: A year after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Vidarbha region in Maharashtra and announced a 37.5-billion-rupee relief package, he today reviewed the status of agriculture in the state. Calling agriculture a "national priority," Singh emphasised the need to work hard to ensure that this sector grows in tandem with the rest of the economy. Admitting that the growth rate of agriculture in Maharashtra was unsatisfactory in the 9th Plan and in the first three years of the 10th Plan, Singh, however, said there has been a recovery in the last two years.
"The farm sector is emerging from a long period of stagnation. Production is registering an increase in many crops. Sugarcane has turned in a spectacular performance," he said. He said that a number of bold reform initiatives have been taken up to improve agriculture's status. Pointing out that Maharashtra has many inherent advantages, Singh said it was possible to build on these advantages to take agriculture to the next level of operations. Underlining the areas of concern, he said that productivity of major crops has stagnated for a decade. He figured irrigation as another area of concern, saying that only 16 percent of the crop area of Maharashtra is irrigated.
"There is a major overhang of incomplete irrigation projects requiring over Rs 40,000 crores to complete them. However, the actual irrigation potential added in the last decade is not large. The state needs to see how it can generate the funds needed to complete these projects," he said.
He called for differentiated agricultural strategies for each region of the state, and said that focus needed to be on providing "life saving or fallback irrigation and on other income generating activities such as animal husbandry."
Farmers willing to go to court over bounced compensation cheques

Washim (Maharashtra) (ANI): A year after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced a special package for the debt ridden farmers in some parts of the country, the farmers are now planning to go to the court after their compensation cheques bounced.Cheques were distributed to the farmers under a relief package but have failed to cash, leaving the farmers angry and frustrated.They complain that the cheques given to them by the Government failed to cash twice or thrice even thrice.
"I lost my crops to floods last year. I received a cheque of rupees 350 rupees as a compensation for it. The cheque bounced twice. I am not going to take the prank they are playing with me lightly. I will go to the court against them," said Bhaurao Ingole, a farmer.
Singh had announced a package of over 37.50 billion rupees as relief to the debt-driven farmers of Vidarbha region of western Maharasthra. Since then around 500 farmers in six districts --Amaravati, Akola, Washim, Buldhana, Yavatmal and Wardha-in the region have committed suicide.
However, the officials in the region were not able to give any specific reason for dishonouring the cheques.

Decline of Buddhism in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Decline of Buddhism in India, in the land of its birth occurred for a variety of reasons, and happened even as it continued to flourish beyond the frontiers of India. [1] Buddhism was established in the area of ancient Magadha and Kosala by Gautama Buddha in the 6th century BCE, in what is now modern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. [2] Buddhism, over the next 1500 years became the region's dominant belief system, spreading across the Indian sub-continent (see History of Buddhism).
After the death of Gautama Buddha, Buddhism saw rapid expansion in its first century, especially in northern and central India. [2] The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (304-232 BCE) and later monarchs encouraged the expansion of Buddhism into Asia through religious ambassadors. Chinese scholars traveling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries CE, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, I-ching, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist sangha, especially in the wake of the White Hun invasion. [2] A continuing decline occurred after the fall of the Pala dynasty in the 12th century CE, continuing with the later destruction of monasteries by Muslim conquerors. [2]
Buddhism was virtually extinct by the end of the 19th century. In recent times, Buddhism has seen a revival in India due to the influence of Anagarika Dharmapala,Kripasaran Mahasthavir[6],Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Tenzin Gyatso.
Ideological and financial causes
The period between the 400 BCE and 1000 CE saw gains by Hinduism at the expense of Buddhism. Some Hindu rulers resorted to military means in an effort to suppress Buddhism. However it is seen that the evolution of Hindu ideology influenced by Buddhisms was more important factor for the growth of Hinduism.[29]
Hinduism became a more "intelligible and satisfying road to faith for many ordinary worshippers" because it now included not only an appeal to a personal god, but had also seen the development of an emotional facet with the composition of devotional hymns.[29]

[edit] Xuanzang's Report
Xuanzang reports in his travels across India during the 7th century that Buddhism was popular in Andhra, Dhanyakataka, and Dravida which today roughly correspond to the modern day Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.[30] Xuanzang compliments the patronage of Harshavardana during this same period while noting in his travels that in various regions Buddhism was giving way to Jainism and a Brahmanical order.[31].During the reign of the Chalukya dynasty, Xuanzang reported that numerous Buddhist stupas in regions previously ruled by Buddhist-sympathetic Andhras and Pallavas were "ruined" and "deserted".These regions came under the control of the Vaishnavite Eastern Chalukyas, who were not favorable to Buddhism and did not support the religion[32].Xuanzang's report also mentions that, in the 7th Century, Shashanka of the Kingdom of Gouda (Bengal), was expanding his influence in the region in the aftermath of the fall of the Gupta Empire. He is blamed by Xuanzhang and other Buddhist sources for the murder of Rajyavardhana, a Buddhist king of Thanesar. Xuanzang writes that Shashanka destroyed the Bodhi tree of enlightenment at Bodh Gaya and replaced Buddha statues with Shiva Lingams. However, it has been claimed that Xuanzhang had a Buddhist bias in favor of the buddhist rulers such as Harshavardhana and that his account may therefore be slanted.[33].

[edit] Philosophical divergence with Adi Shankara
See also: Buddhism and Hinduism
In 9th century CE, the Buddhist philosophers started to lose ground with the Hindu Saint Adi Shankara. The Shankaracharya debated with Buddhist monks and raised issues with Buddhist philosophy. The resurgence of Hinduism with the ideas of Shankaracharya led to a reduction of royal patronage of the Buddhist monks. As political patronage failed, it came under increasing pressure by Hinduism and the revival movements of Adi Shankara. Shakyamuni Buddha eventually came to be venerated as a manifestation of the Hindu god Vishnu.
Literary evidences point towards an absorption of Buddhist elements by Hindu culture over a period of centuries.[34] Anti-Buddhist propaganda was also reaching its peak during the 8th century when Shankara modeled his monastic order after the Buddhist Sangha.[34] An upsurge of Brahmanical Hinduism had taken place in NorthIndia by the early eleventh century as illustrated by the influential Sanskrit drama Prabodhacandrodaya in the Chandela court; a devotion to Vishnu and an allegory to the defeat of Buddhism and Jainism.[34] The population of North India had become predominantly Shaiva, Vaishnava or Shakta.[34] By the 12th century a lay population of Buddhist hardly existed outside the monastic institutions and when it did penetrate the Indian peasant population it was hardly discernible as a distinct community.[35] Buddhist monasteries were well-funded and life within was relatively easy. To avoid unwanted members, many monasteries became selective about whom they admitted, in some cases based on social class.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India

THE GLOBAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY
H I S T O R Y N O T E S

Santal;
Man of East Bengal
THE BLACKS OF EAST BENGAL: A NATIVE'S PERSPECTIVE
By HOREN TUDU*
posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Native's Perspective: An Introduction
The Black race in its entirety has been the victim of subjugation and extermination by the Caucasoid race from the dawning of modern humanity. However, it truly remarkable that this unique community has survived and accomplished remarkable feats that have redefined the world in every possible way. As the groundbreaking historian Runoko Rashidi has often used the words "Black" and "African" interchangeably, I will remain loyal to his terminology and define all members of the Black race to be of Austroloid and Negroid descent. This merger of noble humanity is to include all the Aborigines of Australia, New Guinea, The Philippines, and Indonesia. It embraces the proto-Austroloids of Bangladesh and eastern India, the lower castes and tribal Dravidians of India, Sri-Lanka, the Andaman/Nicobar Islands, and ultimately all members of the African continent and its far-reaching diasporas on the western hemisphere of the Earth.
One of the most daunting tasks for a truth finder is to form an unbiased perspective in an era where most historical documents are corrupted by Euro-centric bigotry and Indo-Aryan white supremacy. There are few if any documents written truly from a native's perspective. I will attempt to provide an account that exposes a truth, of which many in the world are simply not ready to bring to light and internalize. Moreover, it forces us as human beings to genuinely view the world for what it is. The truth hurts far more than the facade that allows so many in the world to live comfortable lives.
It is the primary focus of this document to answer many serious questions: Who were the inhabitants of East-Bengal before the arrival of the Muslims? Where are those people now? How have the Arabs and the Hindus destroyed Bangladesh? Most importantly, how can Pan-African politics help unite and possibly save the country?

Saotals women expressing their lives
The Original Inhabitants of Bengal
The word Bangladesh is derived from the term "Vangla", a word given by the Bodo Aborigines of Assam to connote "wide plains." The original inhabitants of modern day Bangladesh were the Proto-Austroloid Kols, otherwise known as Kolarians. The term Kol has ubiquitously been corrupted by the Aryan-Sanskritic speakers to the word "kalu", meaning both "black" and "ugly" in almost all of the 16 languages of the Indian Sub-Continent. The Kolarians are a Dravidian sect, whose descendant communities can be found also in West Bengal and elsewhere in the eastern belt of the Indian-Subcontinent. Most geological scholars will contend that most of Bangladesh was fashioned 1 to 6.5 million years ago during the tertiary era. Semi-recent excavations in the Deolpota village of western Bengal seem to suggest that a Paleolithic civilization in the region existed about one hundred thousand years ago. A 10,000 to 15,000 year old stone structure in Rangamati is the primary evidence of Paleolithic civilization along with a hand axe found in the mountainous inclines of the Feni district. This Neo-stone age began 3,000 B.C. lasting almost 1500 years. Similar tools were found in Sitakunda of the eastern region Chittagong, and near Comilla district. The sparsely forested hills in eastern Bengal strewn with fertile valleys imparted a hospitable location for Neolithic settlements.1
Physically, the indigenous people were longheaded, dark skinned, broad-nosed, and short in stature. Sometimes labeled as "Negritos" and "Negroids", their physical features are unchanged today among the lowest castes of Bengal, mainly the peasants, as well as 95% of population of Bangladesh today who derive from these lower castes and tribes.
The Aryan Invasion and Destruction of Ancient Bangladeshi Civilization
Most present day anthropologists and scholars will confirm that the people of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization were of the same racial stock as the present day Bangladeshis and lower castes of India. The Indus Valley Civilization marked a period of wealth and prosperity in Indian history. Noted developments include the development of yoga, the erection of ziggurats and the discovery of zero. All these inventions were later appropriated by the Aryan priests in what must have been the greatest case of scientific theft on record. The golden Harappan age came to an abrupt and brutal end when hordes of barbaric Aryans swept into India in 1500 BC through the Khyber Pass. Most of these Caucasians were under the flexible leadership of the moon worshipping Aryan named Indra. The 1000 years that followed imparted irreversible destruction and darkness. During this Vedic Dark Age (1500 BC - 500 BC) no civilization survives, no writing, nor any trace of the existence of even a semi-civilization. There is, even now in the late 21st century, complete ignorance concerning this era of Indian history. It was a seemingly endless orgy of slaughters and massacres of native Bangladeshis by the Caucasoid, barbaric invaders who considered it meritorious to butcher those of a different race, a Black race.2
Bharata la

Marxists in India go against the Stream of History
And they swim along with George Bush, Manmohan Singh, Adwani and Mamta Bannerjee!

Palash Biswas
Contact: Palash C Biswas, C/O Mrs Arati Roy, Gosto Kanan, Sodepur, Kolkata- 700110, India. Phone: 91-033-25659551
Email: palashbiswaskl@gmail.com
IAEA talks on nuke deal to continue: Pranab
Business Standard, India - 27 minutes ago
External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee today made it clear that IAEA negotiations for implementing Indo-US nuclear deal will go on. ...
Govt has put nuke deal on hold: Left NDTV.com
Government rejects demand for Parliamentary Committee to review ... DailyIndia.com
Nuke deal on hold, committee to go into Left concerns Hindu
Former Indian armed forces officers to lobby for Indo-US nuke deal
DailyIndia.com, FL - 4 hours ago
The luncheon and conference, is also slated as a 68th year reunion of Indo-US armed services, according to the IASLC invitation. An IASCL official said the ...
Singh Says US Nuclear Accord Is Vital for India (Update3)
Bloomberg - 43 minutes ago
By Kartik Goyal and Archana Chaudhary Aug. 31 (Bloomberg) -- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said India needs to seek international backing for its nuclear agreement with the US to acquire atomic reactors and material required to sustain record economic ...
PM sees nuclear energy for economic growth Commodity Online
Indian Prime Minister Pushes Nuclear Energy Voice of America
Cabinet approves Aam Aadmi Bima Yojna
Cabinet approves launching of Aam Aadmi Bima Yojna for rural landless households and six percent hike in DA for central government employees and pensioners.

Marxist in India go against the Stream of History and they swim along with George Bush, Manmohan Singh, Adwani and Mamta Bannerjee! Friends, it is time to read history of colonisation as India is colonised once again and there is a total absence of the forces joing the national struggle for Freedom, Sovereignity, human Rights and Peace!
India can`t afford to miss nuke bus, PM Dr Manmohan Singh asserts despite putting the Indo US Nuke Deal operationalisation on hold for time being. However, thanks God, the Leftists could not do anything to restrict US military presence with strategic regrouping of Asian Nato including Japan as well as Israel either in the sub contient or in the Indian Ocean region! It is lest interested as it witnesses how under the umbrella of AFPSA, in entire North East and kashmir Indian military option to deal tghe nationality problems is adpoted with active US and Israel Security Cooperation. Not only the US War ships and fighter bombers arrive and depart with other allies, joint exercises continue, but GOI looks on US strike power to hold the escalation of Maoist movemet countrywide.Amid continuing tension over the Indo-US nuclear deal, Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on Friday once again sought to drive home the point that without nuclear power, India would find it tough to meet its rising energy demand.Well it is well known thatIndo US Defence cooperation has many dimensions today including the sale, purchase and joint development of military equipment, transfer of technology, intelligence sharing and coordination for counter-terrorism and counter-proliferation, cooperation in jointly providing relief and succour after natural calamities, coordination in transnational anti-drug trafficking activities and the joint patrolling of sea lanes of communication against piracy and terrorism. India shares good defence relations with several friendly countries. Indo-US defence cooperation has also gained prominence in recent years due to the shared interests that emerged after the end of the Cold War.
Even as the differences between the UPA and the Left over the Indo-US nuclear deal continued to simmer, the government informed Parliament that the joint naval exercise by India, Japan, Australia, Singapore and the US, in the Bay of Bengal from September 4-9 “is in consonance with India’s foreign policy”.
The CPM polit bureau had described the move as being “harmful to India’s strategic interests” and the Left has announced two ‘jathas’ (processions) against the naval war games from September 4-8, coinciding with the exercise.
It could do nothing more than that. nimitz visit proved it!The Indian government’s main argument for signing the 123 Agreement for nuclear cooperation is that it will help India meet its energy needs. Critics of the Agreement state that this point of view of the government ignores the very limited contribution that nuclear power makes to our overall energy generation which is just 3% and which cannot exceed 7% even if the ambitious plans for expansion are implemented in the next 25 years! They further contend that to make India’s foreign policy and strategic autonomy subservient to the potential of nuclear energy does not make sense. It simply pushes India to be subservient to the US in furtherance of their strategic plans for Asia.
Not a victory or defeat for any side, Karat explains in New delhi and later in kolkata. He has to convince or subvert the West Bengal CPIM unit which is the most staunch supporter of Neoliberalism, Capitalist development and GOI led by Dr Manmohan Singh. It is not only electionphobia or votebank equation which worry the comrades as the so called toilet mainstream media focuses on. If only Vote bank equation was considered, entire Left should rally behind CPIM General Secretary as he has launched the most vocal fight against US War against terrorism and Islamophobia!Since the Muslim Votebank is behind the thirtyyears historical run of power in WB and Muslims vote enblock in favour of the Left, Karat`s role must be plauded. But the CPIM is keen to convince him for a retreat and eventually despite politburuea and central committe parleys , despite the majority in the Parliament is against the deal and the strategic regrouping , CPIM could neither pull the anti national MNC goverment down nor it could lead the nation in its anti Imperialist resistance! If it is the case of Nandigram , Singur, SEZ and PCPIR, it was the golden opportunity to expose MS Mamta Bannerjee, Congress and TMC.
The problem is that the communists in India has lost the Vision and have become completely devoid of commitment. No more they believe in Social change as the expected change has to annihilate the Brahminical Hegemony first for which they stand united with Congress as well as the Nazi Sangh Parivar since the debut of Communist Movement in India. No more the marxist study circle refers to Communist Menifesto or Das capital! They creates nonsense of materialist interpretation of History.
Indian History witnessed all along the Time that the indigenous people consistin mostly the tribal, dalit and muslim peasntry resisted Imperilism everytime, everywhere! The Indian Marxists now belong to shining Sensex India and the global upper caste upper class and may not afford to support any Peasant Insurrection. Thus, what may come, the regimented Gestapo has to kill the uprising resulting Marichjhanpi to Nandigram massacres!
The CPI(M) today said the truce between the Left parties and the Congress on the nuclear issue is not not a victory or defeat for any side. It also said the Left parties behaved responsibly during the crisis and that it did not not precipitate it.
"This is not a victory or defeat of any side," said CPI(M) General Secretary Prakash Karat when asked by reporters whether the Centre had got a reprieve following the truce with the Left parties. He said a committee has been formed to go into the concners raised by the Left parties and and "let it do its work. Then we will see." The party would closely study the functioning of the Commitee, he added. His party leaders in Parliament said in Delhi that the Left has behaved responsibly during the crisisi.
"The Left parties have behaved very responsibly. There was a crisis facing the nation and the Left did not not precipitate it. We never said 'stop this or scrap that'. We only said ally our apprehensions," party leader Mohd Salim told reporters.
The other issue, which has put up the tail of the Communist group, is that the bilateral Agreement is going to be governed on the US side by what is called the Hyde Act. The Hyde Act is a new law passed in USA and adopted in December 2006. Under the Hyde Act, India will be expected to follow a foreign policy matching that of the US, and the US President is required to report to the US Congress, every year, on how India is complying with the provisions set out in the same Act. Even though the Hyde Act or its provisions are not binding on India, but the mere fact that the US President will be under pressure to report progress/compliance will require a great deal of subservience on India’s part, which is, of course, unacceptable to any Indian.
When the UPA government took office in 2004, a Common Minimum Programme (CMP) was drafted amongst its constituents. When the Left was consulted on the draft of the CMP, they had insisted on the deletion of a reference to “strategic relations with the United States”. Soon thereafter, the UPA government proceeded with forging wider strategic alliances with the US. Till the signing of the 123 Agreement, these moves were virtually ignored by the Left parties supporting the government or the NDA in opposition.
The nuclear cooperation deal is only one part of these wide-ranging alliances that the UPA government has forged with the US. The Indian Prime Minister and the US President, in the Joint Statement of July 2005 in Washington, spelled this out. This Joint Statement covered political, economic, military and nuclear cooperation. This Joint Statement entails not just nuclear cooperation but talks of the two countries promoting global democracy, revamping the Indian economy to facilitate large-scale investment by the US and strategic military collaboration.
Prior to the Joint Statement of July 2005, the UPA government had also signed a ten-year Defence Framework Agreement with the US. It is obvious that without this Defence Agreement, the US would not have agreed to ratify any nuclear cooperation agreement. It is also well noted that even before the nuclear cooperation agreement was finalised, the government had began to realign its foreign policy in accordance with the strategic alliance with the US.
The present disagreement within the UPA allies is not their first major difference. The first serious conflict arose when the UPA government did a volte-face on the Iran nuclear issue. The government voted along with the US and the Western countries in September 2005 and was not even prepared to go along with the position adopted by Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) countries. It is clear that the Leftists were waiting for the opportune moment to strike and have done so with vengeance.
Sikhs want a nuclear Free South Asia
Wednesday 29th of August 2007
Dr. Amarjit Singh, Khalistan Affairs Center
Washington DC - The crescendo of the orchestrated ‘Nura Kushti’ (phony shadow boxing) between the Communist party (& fellow travelers) and the Manmohan Singh-led ruling Congress party, about the US–India Nukes-for-Mangoes deal which has dominated the headlines of the Indian media for the past few weeks, maybe about to end in a whimper as L. K. Advani of the right wing Neo-Nazi BJP opposition has thrown a life line to the shaky Manmohan Singh-led government.
As we have mentioned many times in this column, when discussing the US-India ‘Nukes-for-Mangoes’ deal that the eyes of every Indian jingoist, and peace-loving Punjabi too, (worried about his survival under an Indian or Pakistani radioactive nuclear cloud) are on any discussions on this deal any where. We have also mentioned that Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act must conform in letter and spirit with the provisions of the Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act 2006 which was signed into law, by President Bush, in December 2006. What the jingoistic Indian rulers do not want to understood is that, any modification of the requirements under the Henry J Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act 2006 cannot be brought about through merely word-engineering a cleverly drafted agreement to be settled between the two executive branches of government. As long as the Hyde Act remains what it is today, no Section 123 of the US Atomic Energy Act can be used to override its legal provisions. In case of an override, this new understanding will have to be presented to both Houses of U.S. Congress and approved by each before it becomes part of the overall US-India ‘Nukes for Mangoes’ deal. The US negotiators think that they have convinced the Indian side to agree to positions in conformity with the Act’s current provisions, rather than take the legal route of getting the Act amended (in the two chambers on the Hill) to accommodate the chameleonic Indian negotiators. The recent discussions in Washington DC, between the two governments, Delhi claims have helped to clarify the Indian ambitions to the right to Nuclear tests. Washington did not take very long to clear this misunderstanding promptly and has made it very clear that in case nuclear test the deals ends.
http://www.panthic.org/news/129/ARTICLE/3511/2007-08-29.html
Subir Roy: Living with the left enemy

VALUE FOR MONEY

Subir Roy / New Delhi August 31, 2007

The threat to the UPA government posed by the left over the Indo-US nuclear deal seems to have passed for just now. But there is every reason to believe that the government will remain in a perpetual state of uncertainty, with periodic crises, until elections are held again, whenever that might be. This political uncertainty comes at a particularly inopportune moment as the global markets keep getting rocked, shaking the Indian markets with them, over the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US. The resultant stemming of liquidity flows is likely to affect both stock market sentiment in the short run, as it is already doing, and corporate India’s expansion plans in the longer term. All this poses a clear threat to the near 9 per cent growth prospects that were being confidently foreseen till barely two months ago.

This scenario dictates a clear agenda for the Congress: understand what the left is up to, use that understanding to predict what is likely to happen, visualise the shape of the alliance that it is likely to lead into the next elections and start writing the manifesto for them. To understand the left mindset it is necessary to focus on the CPI(M) and its general secretary, Prakash Karat. The country’s leading left party remains about the only unreformed and unrepentant Stalinist party in the world. Its mindset, as that of its leader, remains frozen in history, its tactic dictated by past habit and taken out of the dusty pages of history.
http://www.business-standard.com/economy/storypage.php?leftnm=3&subLeft=3&chklogin=N&autono=296371&tab=r

Battle of wits
Los Angeles Times
Eight years after seizing power in a military coup, the 64-year-old president faces declining public support and has been negotiating a power-sharing deal with former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.

Historical materialism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical materialism is the methodological approach to the study of society, economics, and history which was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818-1883). Although Marx himself never used the term (he referred it as "materialist conception of history", or "philosophical materialism" - a term he used to distinguish it from what he called "popular materialism"). Historical materialism as an explanatory system has been expanded and refined by thousands of academic studies since Marx’s death.The fundamental proposition of historical materialism can be summed up in a sentence: "it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness." (Marx, in the Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.)
Historical materialism looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively make the means to live, thus giving an emphasis, through economic analysis, to everything that co-exists with the economic base of society (e.g. social classes, political structures, ideologies).
Although Marx said he was only proposing a guideline to historical research, by the twentieth century the concept of historical materialism became a keystone of modern communist doctrine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism
Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Major-General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, KB (29 September 1725–22 November 1774), also known as Clive of India, established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. Together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key figures in the creation of British India
Return to England

Memorial, King Charles St near St James's ParkIn 1760, the 35-year-old Clive returned to England with a fortune of at least £300,000 and the quit-rent of £27,000 a year. He financially supported his parents and sisters, while also providing Major Lawrence, the commanding officer who had early encouraged his military genius, with a stipend of £500 a year. In the five years of his conquests and administration in Bengal, the young man had crowded together a succession of exploits which led Lord Macaulay, in what that historian termed his "flashy" essay on the subject, to compare him to Napoleon Bonaparte, declaring that "[Clive] gave peace, security, prosperity and such liberty as the case allowed of to millions of Indians, who had for centuries been the prey of oppression, while Napoleon's career of conquest was inspired only by personal ambition, and the absolutism he established vanished with his fall.", a passage repeated in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. Macaulay's ringing endorsement of Clive seems more controversial today, as some would argue that his own ambition and desire for personal gain set the tone for the administration of Bengal until the Permanent Settlement 30 years later. The immediate consequence of Clive's victory at Plassey was an increase in the revenue demand on Bengal by at least 20%, much of which was appropriated by Zamindars and corrupt Company Officials, which led to considerable hardship for the rural population, particularly during the famine of 1770.[8]
During the three years that Clive remained in England, he sought a political position, chiefly that he might influence the course of events in India, which he had left full of promise. He had been well received at court, had been made Baron Clive of Plassey, if in the peerage of Ireland, had bought estates, and had got not only himself, but his friends returned to the House of Commons, after the fashion of the time.
Then it was that Clive set himself to reform the home system of the East India Company, and began a bitter warfare with Mr Sullivan, chairman of the Court of Directors, whom in the end, he defeated. In this he was aided by the news of reverses in Bengal. Mir Jafar had finally rebelled over certain payments to English officials, and in consequence Vansittart, Clive's successor, had put Kasim Ali Khan, the Mir Jafar's son-in-law upon the musnud (throne). After a brief tenure, Kasim Ali had fled, ordering Walter Reinhardt (known to the Muslims as Sumru), a Swiss mercenary of his, to butcher the garrison of 150 English at Patna, and had disappeared under the protection of his brother, the Viceroy of Oudh. The whole Company's service, Civil and Military, had become mired in corruption, demoralized by gifts and by the monopoly of the inland as well as export trade, to such an extent that the natives were pauperised, and the Company was plundered of the revenues which Clive had acquired for them. For this Clive himself must bear much responsibility, as he had set a very poor example during his tenure as Governor. Nevertheless, the Court of proprietors, (who elected the Directors), forced them, in spite of Sullivan, to hurry out Lord Clive to Bengal with the double powers of Governor and Commander-in-Chief.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive,_1st_Baron_Clive

Vasco da Gama
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (IPA: ['va?ku d? 'g?m?]) (Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca. either 1460 or 1469 – December 24, 1524 in Kochi, India) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.
Second voyage
On 12 February 1502, Gama sailed with a fleet of twenty warships, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. This was subsequent to the voyage of Pedro Álvares Cabral, who had been sent to India two years earlier. (Swinging far to the west across the Atlantic in order to make use of the pattern of favourable winds, Cabral became the official European discoverer of Brazil. The find may have been an accident). When he finally reached India, Cabral learned that the Portuguese citizens who had been left by Gama at the trading post had been murdered. After encountering further resistance from the locals, he bombarded Calicut and then sailed south of Calicut to reach Cochin, a small kingdom where he was given a warm welcome. He returned to Europe with silk and gold.
Once he had reached the northern parts of the Indian Ocean, Gama waited for a ship to return from Mecca and seized all the merchandise on it. He then ordered that the 380 passengers be locked in the hold and the ship set on fire. It took four days for the ship to sink and everyone on board died. [citation needed] When Gama arrived at Calicut on October 30, 1502 the Zamorin was willing to sign a treaty.[5]
Gama assaulted and exacted tribute from the Arab-controlled port of Kilwa in East Africa, one of those ports involved in frustrating the Portuguese; he played privateer amongst Arab merchant ships, then finally smashed a Calicut fleet of twenty-nine ships. Following that battle he extracted favorable trading concessions from the Zamorin.
On his return to Portugal, in September 1503, he was made Count of Vidigueira, with his seat in land sold to him by the Duke of Bragança (the future royal family of Bragança). He was also awarded feudal rights and jurisdiction over Vidigueira and Vila dos Frades.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama

Modern History Sourcebook:
Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497-1498 CE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vasco da Gama was born about 1460 at Sines, Portugal. Both Prince John and Prince Manuel continued the efforts of Prince Henry to find a sea route to India, and in 1497 Manuel placed Vasco da Gama, who already had some reputation as a warrior and navigator, in charge of four vessels built especially for the expedition. They set sail July 8, 1497, rounded the Cape of Good Hope four months later, and reached Calicut May 20, 1498. The Moors in Calicut instigated the Zamorin of Calicut against him, and he was compelled to return with the bare discovery and the few spices he had bought there at inflated prices [but still he made a 3000% profit!]. A force left by a second expedition under Cabral (who discovered Brazil by sailing too far west), left behind some men in a "factory" or trading station, but these were killed by the Moors in revenge for Cabral's attacks on Arab shipping in the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama was sent on a mission of vengeance in 1502, he bombarded Calicut (virtually destroying the port), and returned with great spoil. His expedition turned the commerce of Europe from the Mediterranean cities to the Atlantic Coast, and opened up the east to European enterprise.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html

Christopher Columbus (Genoa, Italy 1451 – May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) was a navigator and colonialist who is one of several historical figures credited as the first European to discover the Americas. Though not the first to reach the Americas from Europe, it was Columbus' voyages that led to general European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World. It is generally believed that he was born in Genoa, although other theories and possibilities exist. The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicization of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Also well known are his name's rendering in modern Italian as Cristoforo Colombo and in Spanish as Cristóbal Colón.
Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean began a European effort at exploration and colonization of the Western Hemisphere. While history places great significance on his first voyage of 1492, he did not actually reach the mainland until his third voyage in 1498. Likewise, he was not the earliest European explorer to reach the Americas, as there are accounts of European transatlantic contact prior to 1492. Nevertheless, Columbus's voyage came at a critical time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies. Therefore, the period before 1492 is known as Pre-Columbian.
The anniversary of the 1492 voyage (vd. Columbus Day) is observed throughout the Americas and in Spain. Columbus had noted that the Indian people were friendly. Controversy came later, since first person accounts depict the genocide of the indigenous people by the Spanish conquistadors.
......
The Spanish colonization of the Americas, and the subsequent effects on the native peoples, were dramatized in the 1992 feature film 1492: Conquest of Paradise to commemorate the 500th anniversary of his landing in the Americas. In 2003, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez urged Native American Latin Americans to not celebrate the Columbus Day holiday. Chavez blamed Columbus for leading the way in the mass genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish.[23]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus
Columbus and Genocide
The discoverer of the New World was responsible for the annihilation of the peaceful Arawak Indians
By EDWARD T. STONE

On April 17, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic monarchs of Castile, signed the Capitulations of Santa Fe, the agreement by which Christopher Columbus, one-time wool-weaving apprentice in Savona, Italy, undertook a voyage of discovery to the western Atlantic.
Columbus was in his forty-first year. After forsaking his father’s loom in Savona he had spent some nine years in obscurity in Portugal, where his only known occupations were those of petty trader in sugar for an Italian commercial firm and maker and purveyor of maps and marine charts in collaboration with his younger brother Bartolomé. During this period he married a poor but aristocratic young Portuguese woman who bore him a son; he also